Incidencia de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur en la precipitación y la temperatura del aire en colombia, utilizando el Climate Explorer

AbstractThe knowledge of the phenomenon El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) still is partial, the variations in the Colombian climate and the ENSO events make difficult its understanding and the prediction of its impacts. This research used the Climate Explorer, to establish linear relations between the precipitation and the average temperature of the air (annual and quarterly) with associated variables to ENSO, between 1975 and 2000. It is concluded that in the center, north and west of the country, El Niño (warm phase) brings rain diminution and increases the temperature, the opposite happens during La Niña. Greater significant correlations obtained with quarterly periods (mainly in DJF) and lags around zero; which decay in trimester MAM of the climatological variables; between the precipitation and index IMENSO greater coefficients in DJF were obtained (r=-0.44). Greater incidence of ENSO exists on the temperature of the country.ResumenEl conocimiento de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) aún es parcial; las variaciones del clima colombiano y de eventos ENOS dificultan su entendimiento y la predicción de sus impactos. Esta investigación utilizó el Climate Explorer para establecer relaciones lineales entre la precipitación y la temperatura media del aire (anual y trimestral) de Colombia con variables asociadas a ENOS, entre 1975-2000. Se concluye que al centro, norte y occidente del país, El Niño (fase cálida) trae disminución de lluvias e incrementa la temperatura, lo contrario sucede durante La Niña. Mayores correlaciones significativas se obtuvieron con períodos trimestrales (principalmente en DEF) y rezagos alrededor de cero; éstas decaen en el trimestre MAM de las variables climatológicas; entre la precipitación y el índice IMENSO se obtuvieron mayores coeficientes en DEF (r=-0.44). Existe mayor incidencia de ENOS sobre la temperatura del país

Modelo de planificación de cosecha y distribución para una cadena de suministro de frutas

Se aborda un problema de planificación de la producción relacionado con los ingresos en una cadena de abastecimiento de pequeños productores frutícolas, quienes prefieren no cosechar si el precio de mercado no permite recuperar sus costos. Se propone un modelo matemático para representar la toma de la decisión de cosechar considerando tres aspectos: lo perecedero del producto, el comportamiento de los precios del mercado y, por último, la decisión de cuanto cosechar. Este trabajo contribuye al mejoramiento de los ingresos en las cadenas de pequeños productores agrícolas como estrategia para apoyar el desarrollo socioeconómico del sector. Los resultados de la aplicación del modelo en un caso de estudio de pequeños productores citrícolas, evidencian que la adecuada planificación de la cosecha permite establecer una relación de precios y venta que maximizan la utilidad de los pequeños productores.A production planning problem related to income is addressed in a fruit supply chain of small producers, who prefer not to harvest if the market price does not allow their costs to be recovered. A mathematical model is proposed to represent the harvest decision where three elements are considered: the product perishability, the market prices behavior, and finally how much to harvest. This paper establishes that the income improvement of small agricultural producers is a strategy to support the socio-economic development of this sector. The model applied in a small citrus producer’s case study show that adequate harvest planning allows establishing a relationship between prices and sales to maximize small producer profits

Are congenital malformations more frequent in fetuses with intrahepatic persistent right umbilical vein? A comparative study

Objective Persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) is a vascular anomaly where the right umbilical vein remains as the only conduit that returns oxygenated blood to the fetus. It has classically been described as associated with numerous defects. We distinguish the intrahepatic variant (better prognosis) and the extrahepatic variant (associated with worse prognosis). The objective of this study was to compare rates of congenital malformations in fetuses with intrahepatic PRUV (I-PRUV) versus singleton pregnancies without risk factors. Materials and Methods A multicenter, crossover design, comparative study was performed between 2003 and 2013 on fetuses diagnosed with I-PRUV (n = 56), and singleton pregnancies without congenital malformation risk factors (n = 4050). Results Fifty-six cases of I-PRUV were diagnosed (incidence 1:770). A statistically significant association between I-PRUV and the presence of congenital malformations (odds ratio 4.321; 95% confidence interval 2.15–8.69) was found. This positive association was only observed with genitourinary malformations (odds ratio 3.038; 95% confidence interval 1.08–8.56). Conclusion Our rate of malformations associated with I-PRUV (17.9%) is similar to previously published rates. I-PRUV has shown a significant increase in the rate of associated malformations, although this association has only been found to be statistically significant in the genitourinary system. Noteworthy is the fact that this comparative study has not pointed to a significant increase in the congenital heart malformation rate. Diagnosis of isolated I-PRUV does not carry a worse prognosis

Influence of Leadership Education in the Midst of Teaching-Learning Processes in the Classroom

En el presente artículo se analiza la influencia de la educación en liderazgo en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el aula de las instituciones educativas públicas de la región Andina de Colombia. La metodología usada fue de enfoque cualitativo, de manera inductiva y descriptiva. Los datos obtenidos se recolectaron a través de entrevista semiestructurada compuesta por once preguntas a estudiantes y profesores de Educación Media, pertenecientes a las instituciones educativas públicas de la zona en cuestión. A partir de las experiencias los docentes y estudiantes forman una definición de liderazgo, identificando cuáles son sus características y como esto repercute en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Se identifica que el liderazgo en educación es transversal en todas las asignaturas y que no es meramente un cumplimiento de deberes académicos, sino que incluye el desarrollo de las capacidades personales.  This article analyzes the influence of leadership education on teaching and learning processes in the classroom of public educational institutions in the Andean region of Colombia. The methodology used was a qualitative approach, inductive and descriptive. The data obtained was collected through a semi-structured interview composed of eleven questions to students and teachers of Secondary Education, belonging to public educational institutions in the area in question. From the experiences, teachers and students form a definition of leadership, identifying its characteristics and how this impacts the teaching and learning processes. It is identified that leadership in education is transversal in all subjects and that it is not merely a fulfillment of academic duties, but includes the development of personal capabilities

S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) mediates the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and ethylene induced by feeding of the insect herbivore Manduca sexta and is important for jasmonate-elicited responses in Nicotiana attenuata

S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) reduces the nitric oxide (NO) adduct S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an essential reservoir for NO bioactivity. In plants, GSNOR has been found to be important in resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens, but whether it is also involved in plant–herbivore interactions was not known. Using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system, the activity of GSNOR in a wild tobacco species, Nicotiana attenuata, was knocked down and the function of GSNOR in defence against the insect herbivore Manduca sexta was examined. Silencing GSNOR decreased the herbivory-induced accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene, two important phytohormones regulating plant defence levels, without compromising the activity of two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK). Decreased activity of trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) were detected in GSNOR-silenced plants after simulated M. sexta feeding and bioassays indicated that GSNOR-silenced plants have elevated susceptibility to M. sexta attack. Furthermore, GSNOR is required for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced accumulation of defence-related secondary metabolites (TPI, caffeoylputrescine, and diterpene glycosides) but is not needed for the transcriptional regulation of JAZ3 (jasmonate ZIM-domain 3) and TD (threonine deaminase), indicating that GSNOR mediates certain but not all jasmonate-inducible responses. This work highlights the important role of GSNOR in plant resistance to herbivory and jasmonate signalling and suggests the potential involvement of NO in plant–herbivore interactions. Our data also suggest that GSNOR could be a target of genetic modification for improving crop resistance to herbivores

Design of a system to avoid the accumulation of aquatic plants in large pumping systems located in the Magdalena River

Aguas de malambo es la empresa prestadora del servicio de agua potable en el municipio de Malambo – y algunas zonas aledañas- en el departamento del Atlántico. En este momento presentan problemas con la tarulla y el material sólido que se transporta por medio del río magdalena. Todos estos elementos solidos están obstruyendo el sistema de bombeo, por lo cual el agua no llega a la planta de tratamiento y no es posible suministrar agua potable al municipio cuando este sistema está obstruido. El municipio puede llegar a estar sin agua hasta cuatro veces por semana en épocas de lluvias (que son alrededor de 6 meses al año), temporadas donde el transporte de material vegetal y afines es mayor, siendo entonces una problemática magnitud social lo que causa la tarulla y demás elementos del río en la empresa ya mencionada. En este proyecto se presenta el proceso de diseño de un sistema que evite la obstrucción a causa de acumulación de tarulla en el proceso de succión de agua en la bocatoma ubicada en el tramo PIMSA del río Magdalena. En el desarrollo de este informe se presenta una descripción de la problemática, identificando los factores principales que afectan el problema. Se realiza el diseño de especificaciones detallando que aspectos debe cumplir la alternativa para solucionar el problema presentado, diseño conceptual donde se analiza a detalle las alternativas y diseño básico del concepto de solución seleccionado. Por último, se realiza una parte del diseño detalle donde se desarrolla los rodamientos seleccionados y el análisis computacional de la estructura soporte del sistema, se identifican los riesgos sociales, ambientales e industriales, además se realiza una comparación de la oferta en el mercado, considerando ofertas de América, Asia con la solución propuestaAguas de malambo is the company that provides drinking water service in the municipality of Malambo – and some surrounding areas – in the department of Atlántico. Now, they present problems with the tarulla and the solid material that is transported through the Magdalena River. All these solid elements are obstructing the pumping system, so water does not reach the treatment plant and it is not possible to supply drinking water to the municipality when this system is obstructed. The municipality can become without water up to four times a week in rainy seasons (which are about 6 months a year), seasons where the transport of plant and related material is greater, it is therefore a problematic social magnitude that causes the tarulla and other elements of the river in the company already mentioned. This project presents the process of designing a system to prevent obstruction due to tarulla accumulation in the water suction process in the mouth located in the PIMSA section of the Magdalena River. In the development of this report, a description of the problem is presented, identifying the main factors that affect the problem. Specification design is performed detailing what aspects the alternative must meet to solve the presented problem, conceptual design where alternatives are analyzed in detail, and basic design of the selected solution concept. Finally, a part of the detailed design is made where the selected bearings are developed and the computational analysis of the supporting structure of the system, the social, environmental, and industrial risks are identified, and a comparison of the supply is made in the market, considering offers from America, Asia with the proposed solution

Incidence of El Niño southern oscillation in the precipitation and the temperature of the air in Colombia, using Climate Explorer

ResumenEl conocimiento de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) aún es parcial; las variaciones del clima colombiano y de eventos ENOS dificultan su entendimiento y la predicción de sus impactos. Esta investigación utilizó el Climate Explorer para establecer relaciones lineales entre la precipitación y la temperatura media del aire (anual y trimestral) de Colombia con variables asociadas a ENOS, entre 1975-2000. Se concluye que al centro, norte y occidente del país, El Niño (fase cálida) trae disminución de lluvias e incrementa la temperatura, lo contrario sucede durante La Niña. Mayores correlaciones significativas se obtuvieron con períodos trimestrales (principalmente en DEF) y rezagos alrededor de cero; éstas decaen en el trimestre MAM de las variables climatológicas; entre la precipitación y el índice IMENSO se obtuvieron mayores coeficientes en DEF (r=-0.44). Existe mayor incidencia de ENOS sobre la temperatura del país.AbstractThe knowledge of the phenomenon El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) still is partial, the variations in the Colombian climate and the ENSO events make difficult its understanding and the prediction of its impacts. This research used the Climate Explorer, to establish linear relations between the precipitation and the average temperature of the air (annual and quarterly) with associated variables to ENSO, between 1975 and 2000. It is concluded that in the center, north and west of the country, El Niño (warm phase) brings rain diminution and increases the temperature, the opposite happens during La Niña. Greater significant correlations obtained with quarterly periods (mainly in DJF) and lags around zero; which decay in trimester MAM of the climatological variables; between the precipitation and index IMENSO greater coefficients in DJF were obtained (r=-0.44). Greater incidence of ENSO exists on the temperature of the country

Estudio de tendencias de la precipitación mensual en la cuenca alta-media del río cauca, Colombia

Analyzing alterations in water availability due to natural climatic variability and climate change is important in developing adaptive responses to current and future changes in regional precipitation patterns. In order to understand these changes, spatial and temporal historic fluctuations in regional rainfall patterns must be analyzed. In this context, precipitation trends were analyzed using a non-parametric statistic Mann-Kendall test for annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall between 1975 and 2006 for 108 precipitation ground stations located in the upper and middle Cauca river basin. The results demonstrate that the significant trend of annual rainfall variation was between -9.3% (-147,3mm) and +6.5% (+128mm) per decade and the average change was -0.7% per decade for 24 stations.In the seasonal intra-annual analysis of June-July-August, a period of lower intra-annual rainfall, we found the largest statistically significant decrease in seasonal rainfall, with an average of -15% per decade, in 19% (21) of the total stations. The conclusions are that the pattern of seasonal precipitation changed between 1975 and 2006 and before to compare the annual rainfall trends with geographic variables (latitude, longitude and altitude), we found that rainfall had decreased in all cases above 1500 m in altitude and in latitudes lower than 3o52’N within the Andean Mountains. These changes in precipitation will decrease the volume and availability of runoff, which will alter the water availability in the river basin. In order to design adaptation practices in future investigations, is necessary to study daily rainfall changes and its impacts on the inhabitants of the Cauca river basin.Estudiar las alteraciones en la oferta hídrica asociadas a la variabilidad o al cambio climático, es importante para ajustar adaptaciones frente a los cambios actuales y futuros, para esto se requiere comprender cambios históricos espacio-temporales en el patrón regional de lluvias. Para esto, se analizaron las tendencias de la precipitación mensual (1975-2006) en escalas de la lluvia total-anual, mensual-multianual y semi-anual-trimestral; mediante la aplicación de la prueba no-paramétrica de Mann-Kendall en 108 estaciones pluviométricas, ubicadas en la cuenca alta-media del río Cauca. En los resultados, la precipitación anual tuvo tendencias significativas con rango de variación desde -9.3% (-147,3 mm) hasta +6.5% (+128,8 mm) por decenio con promedio de -0.7% (-7,7 mm), para 24 estaciones. A escala trimestral, en Junio-Julio-Agosto como periodo de menor pluviosidad al año, se encontró una disminución significativa de la precipitación, con promedio de -15% (-29 mm) por decenio, en el 19% (21) de las estaciones analizadas. Se concluye, que existe cambios en el régimen intranual de la precipitación y, tras comparar las tendencias en la precipitación anual con variables geográficas (altitud, latitud y longitud), por encima de los 1500 msnm y en latitud menor a 3o52’N en la cordillera de los Andes, existe reducción generalizada en la lluvia. Dichos cambios, afectarán negativamente la generación y la disponibilidad de la escorrentía, que representa la oferta hídrica en la cuenca. En futuras investigaciones, deben estudiarse los cambios en la precipitación a escala diaria y vincularse actores locales, para el ajuste de adaptaciones frente a los cambio